The encounter between Hernando Cortes and Montezuma II, Mexico, 1519 (c1820-1839). Cortes (1485-1547) was the Spanish conquistador who conquered Mexico and overthrew the Aztec Empire ruled by Montezuma. Landing in Mexico in 1519, with a force of only some 600 men, Cortes succeeded in overthrowing the empire of the Aztecs, a civilization numbering 5 million. He was able to achieve this partly due to the natives being terrified of the Europeans' horses and firearms, neither of which they had seen before. In addition, the Aztecs believed a prophecy that they would be visited by a light-skinned bearded god, the Quetzalcoatl, who had taught them agriculture and government in the past. and whose return they were to welcome with great ceremony. Cortes was able to exploit his resemblance to the Quetzalcoatl to great effect. Montezuma died whilst in Spanish captivity and the Aztec Empire ended with him. Plate 63 from Le Costume Ancien et Moderne, Volume I, by Jules Ferrario.

Montezuma, last Emperor of the Aztecs, 16th century (1780). The Aztec Empire was overthrown in 1519-1521 by Spanish conquistadors led by Hernan Cortes in alliance with other Mexican tribes anxious to escape Aztec domination. Montezuma (1466-1520) died in Spanish captivity.